The /proc directory is somewhat of a strange directory. These include libraries, user binaries and their documentation, programs, and system utilities. The directory contains system-wide read-only files. The /usr directory ranks as one of the most important directories due to the enormous amount of data it holds. Such commands include halt, reboot, mkfs, fsck, fdisk, halt, iptables, ifconfig, ip, swapon, etc. The /sbin directory contains executable files, utilities, and system commands that are reserved for the root user or a user with root privileges. These include ls, pwd, cat, mkdir, cd, mv, cp, du, df, tar, rpm, wc, history, etc. The /bin directory contains user binaries, executable programs, and common system commands that are used by all users in the system. The /var directory stores system-generated variable files, which include log files, caches, and spool files just to mention a few. These are abstractions of standard devices that applications on your system interact with through input and output system calls. As mentioned, these are not regular that a user can read and write to. The /dev directory contains device files or special files for devices that are attached to the system such as the hard drive, keyboard, and mouse. The /opt directory is a directory that is reserved for add-on packages and third-party software applications that are not included by default in the system’s official repositories.įor example, when you install applications such as Skype, Discord, Spotify, and Java, to mention a few, they get stored in the /opt directory. Root User Directory in Linux /opt Directory The root account also referred to as the superuser, administrative user, system administrator or just the root user has all the access to commands and system files in Linux. The /root directory is the home directory for the root user, which is also referred to as the root user’s home directory (and not as the root (/) directory). These are hidden files that contain user-specific settings for the login shell session. In addition, the /home directory contains personal configuration files which are prefixed with a dot (.). On a graphical Linux system, the home directory, by default, contains folders such as Desktop, Documents, Downloads, Pictures, Videos, and Public. The /home directory is a directory that contains a user’s personal folders and files. This directory is considered the nerve center of the Linux system. The /etc directory contains system configuration files for all the services, scripts, and third-party applications that are installed. Files such as ‘ vmlinuz‘ represent the compressed image of the Linux kernel. As the name infers, the boot directory contains Linux boot files such as the bootloader, the kernel, and its associated files. This is one of the most vital directories in a Linux system. NOTE: The root directory (/) should not be confused with the root home directory (/root). It’s from the root directory where the Linux directory hierarchy starts. It contains all directories, sub-directories, and files on your Linux system. The root directory, denoted by a single forward slash (/), is the uppermost directory in the Linux directory structure. Describing briefly the purpose of each directory, we are starting hierarchically. Linux Directory StructureĮach of the above directories (which is a file, in the first place) contains important information, required for booting to device drivers, configuration files, etc. These are found in the /dev directory.Ī standard Linux distribution follows the directory structure as provided below with Diagram and explanation. Device Files – These are special files that provide an interface to device drivers which enable the usability of hardware devices on the system such as mice, keyboards, USB devices, hard drives, etc.Directory Files – In Linux, directories are also categorized as files since they also serve as storage space for other files and folders.These are regular files such as documents, images, audio and video files, etc. General Files – These are ordinary files made up of binary or ASCII data.There are three broad categories of files in Linux. If not a file, then it must be a running process. You must have probably heard that everything is considered a file in UNIX and UNIX derivatives such as Linux. Brief: This article gives a breakdown of the Linux File System/directory structure, some of the critical files, their usability, and their location.
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